A2 Biology Handwritten Notes 2016

A2 Chemistry Handwritten Notes 2016

#165 Summary of Genetic technology

 1 Gene technology involves altering the genes in an organism, which is then said to be genetically modifi ed.

 2 The usual way of genetically modifying bacteria is to insert a plasmid containing the desired gene into them.

#164 Social implications of GMO

There are social implications related to using genetically modified organisms in food production.

#163 Herbicide and insect resistant crops

Genetic technology can provide benefits in, for example, agriculture and medicine, but has the associated risk of the escape of the gene concerned into organisms other than the intended host.

#162 Genetically modified organisms

Genetic engineering is improving the quality (nutrition) and yield of crop plants and livestock  --> therefore is solving the demand for food in the world

#161 Gene therapy

Gene therapy: treatment of a genetic disorder by altering a person's genotype (insert functional alleles of genes into cells)

#160 Genetic screening

Genetic screening: analysis of a person's DNA to check for the presence of a particular allele
* available for adults, fetus, embryo,...

#159 Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the collecting, processing and analysis of biological information and data using computer software.

#158 Genetic markers and microarrays

Genetic markers uses enzymes that produces fluorescent substances. There used to be antibiotic resistance gene markers, but there was the chance that they would spread the antibiotic resistance to other new strains of bacteria.

#157 PCR and gel electrophoresis

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis both work with molecules. Both these procedures are needed for forensic science.

#156 Genetic engineering basics

Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of naturally occurring processes and enzymes.

#155 Genetic technology Syllabus 2016 -2048

19.1 Principles of genetic technology
19.2 Genetic technology applied to medicine
19.3 Genetically modified organisms in agriculture

#154 Summary Biodiversity and conservation

1 All living organisms may be classified into one of the five kingdoms: prokaryotes, protoctists, fungi, plants and animals.

2 Biodiversity includes the range of habitats (environments) and species in an area, and the genetic diversity within a species.

#153 International conservation and restoring degraded habitats

Non-governmental organisations, such as the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), play important roles in local and global conservation.

An important part of conservation is restoring degraded habitats so that they may support a flourishing community with high biodiversity.

#152 Controlling alien species

Alien or invasive species are those that have moved from one ecosystem to another where they were previously unknown.

#151 Assisted reproduction and problems of successful conservation

Assisted reproduction is a solution to the problem of inbreeding.

#150 Protecting endangered species

An endangered species is one that is threatened with extinction. The best way to conserve any species is to keep it in its natural habitat.

#149 The need to maintain biodiversity

For some people, the safety of biodiversity is simply a moral or ethical issue. For others it may be for ecological reasons, aesthetic reasons, social and commercial reasons or for other services.

#148 Threats to biodiversity

Biodiversity is under threat in many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems as human population continues to increase and we take more resources from the environment and produce more waste.