• Levels of ecological organisation
• Energy flow through ecosystems
• Recycling of nitrogen
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define the terms habitat, niche, population, community and ecosystem and be able to recognise
examples of each ;
(b) explain the terms autotroph, heterotroph, producer, consumer and trophic level in the context of food chains and food webs ;
(c) explain how energy losses occur along food chains and discuss the efficiency of energy transfer
between trophic levels;
(d) describe how nitrogen is cycled within an ecosystem, including the roles of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g. Rhizobium) and nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter);
(e) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
Note: An ecosystem should be studied in relation to an area familiar to the candidates.
• Energy flow through ecosystems
• Recycling of nitrogen
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define the terms habitat, niche, population, community and ecosystem and be able to recognise
examples of each ;
(b) explain the terms autotroph, heterotroph, producer, consumer and trophic level in the context of food chains and food webs ;
(c) explain how energy losses occur along food chains and discuss the efficiency of energy transfer
between trophic levels;
(d) describe how nitrogen is cycled within an ecosystem, including the roles of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g. Rhizobium) and nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter);
(e) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.
Note: An ecosystem should be studied in relation to an area familiar to the candidates.
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